A place for lake lovers

What are you doing April 23-25? If you love your lake, you might want to consider attending the 2015 Wisconsin Lakes Partnership Convention, or at least a part of it.

I’ll attend this year for the fifth time, and I wish I had started long ago. It’s an inspiring event. You spend a couple of days surrounded by scientists, communicators, lake association leaders, advocacy group representatives and others all interested in one thing: making lakes better.

For a few days you shed your political affiliation, forget what you do for a living and just learn, in hands-on workshops, field trips, lecture sessions, poster presentations, an exhibit hall, and casual break-time and lunchtime conversations.

Sessions cover all manner of subjects: aquatic invasive species, wetland protection, fishery surveys, nutrients and algae, shoreland zoning and other government policies and, perhaps most important, how to get involved in improving the lakes you care most about.

My all-time favorite session, during my first trip to the convention, was a half-day workshop on aquatic plants. There were slide presentations followed by hands-on exercises examining specimens of common and less common plants and using what’s called a taxonomic key to identify them by name. I’m a fisherman by avocation, but now when I’m out on the water, I am much more attuned to the greenery below and on the surface – it’s no longer just “weeds.”

Also of note are the plenary (whole-group) sessions, which generally feature inspiring speakers. This year, the keynote speaker is Marion Stoddart, a citizen leader and grassroots organizer who is largely responsible for the conversion of New England’s Nashua River, once among the nation’s most polluted rivers, into a candidate for the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System.

I can’t wait to hear her talk. I know I haven’t done as much as I could for lakes, including my own, and her words may help nudge me into more action.

The convention will be at the Holiday Inn Convention Center in Stevens Point. That’s not so far away, and the registration fees are affordable. There’s a good chance that one or more leaders of your lake group plans to attend. If you’re interested in doing more for your lake, you might want to consider going along.

I know I appreciate lakes more deeply, and feel better qualified too advocate for them, because I’ve gone to this event. 

Eutrophic lakes: It’s a process

Mention a “eutrophic lake” and many people will picture a stagnant pool, matted with algae, murky, bad smelling, and generally unpleasant to be around.

It really isn’t that simple. A eutrophic lake by definition is at a fairly advanced stage of a process called eutrophication, whereby the lake accumulates high levels of plant nutrients, chiefly nitrogen and phosphorus. But the mere fact of being eutrophic does not mean a lake is “dirty” or “polluted” or otherwise undesirable – although that can be and often is the case.

Nitrogen and phosphorus are necessary for plant growth. Your lake, whether eutrophic, oligotrophic (few nutrients) or mesotrophic (in between), contains these nutrients. Otherwise there would be no lily pads, no fish-attracting cabbage weeds, and no tiny algae that form the base of the food chain.

The problem comes when the amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus become excessive. Blame for that often gets placed on human sources – uncontrolled stormwater runoff from city yards and streets, runoff from over-fertilized farmland, poorly maintained septic systems, and others.

But nutrients also come from natural sources as, for example, when a shallow lake is surrounded by and receives runoff from land with fertile soils and abundant organic matter. That is to say, some lakes are naturally eutrophic, and no amount of water-quality regulation or watershed management will change that.

Of the two main nutrients, phosphorus is the one that – here in Northern Wisconsin and in most regions of inland lakes – controls the pace of eutrophication. Some of the nitrogen in lake water exists as nitrate – an atom of nitrogen and three atoms of oxygen (NO₃). Over time, biological processes convert this nitrate to nitrogen gas (N₂), which then escapes to the atmosphere. So there is to some extent a natural “brake” on the buildup of nitrogen in lakes.

It’s different with phosphorus – it accumulates in lakes, and when present in excess it can cause explosive growth of algae. Darby Nelson, in his brilliant book, “For Love of Lakes,” explains with great clarity how this works.

He first describes the ingredients in his wife’s blueberry muffins and how, if she happens to have only two teaspoons of baking powder, she can only make one batch – no matter how much flour and sugar and how many eggs she may have on hand. Then:

“In lakes, except in unique circumstances, the ‘tin’ of phosphorus usually empties first. Compared to demand, it is phosphorus that is available in least supply, the bottleneck to alchemy. Little phosphorus in lake water begets few cyanobacteria, algae and aquatic plants. Lots of phosphorus begets lots of blue-green algae, or aquatic plants, or both.”

So if we want to forestall eutrophication in our lakes, the best thing we can do is take measures to keep phosphorus out.

The Goldilocks of trophic states

I’ve been writing about lakes as classified by trophic state: Oligotrophic (few nutrients), eutrophic (abundant or excessive nutrients) and mesotrophic (those in between).

No one of these trophic states is inherently “better” than the other. It’s to some extent a matter of personal preference, except that an extremely eutrophic (hypereutrophic) lake likely has serious water-quality issues. However, if I can be allowed an editorial opinion, I prefer to live on a mesotrophic lake, like our own Birch Lake at Harshaw.

Why? Because in many respects it mesotrophic is the best of all worlds – it is “just right.” A mesotrophic lake never gets seriously choked with weeds, nor does it typically see obnoxious late-summer algae blooms that cloud the water of eutrophic lakes. It is not as crystal clear as an oligotrophic lake, but it is reasonably clear, enough so to allow decent snorkeling, especially in June and July.

In general, mesotrophic lakes support more diverse plant, fish and other aquatic life than lakes in the other two trophic states. You won’t find cold-water fish like lake trout in mesotrophic lakes because the deep, cold water gets depleted of oxygen by late summer. However, these lakes can support excellent fisheries with panfish, largemouth and smallmouth bass, walleyes, northern pike and muskies (in varying proportions that depend on a host of other factors).

The trick with mesotrophic lakes is keeping them that way – that is, making sure that excessive nutrients (nitrogen and especially phosphorus) don’t get in and start tipping the scale toward the eutrophic side.

Nutrients get into lakes in various ways, and that in itself is not a bad thing. A creek flowing into your lake (as in the case of Birch Lake) almost certainly carries nutrients from decaying plants in the forests, marshes and fields through which it flows. That’s part of nature. The thing to avoid is needless nutrient enrichment from human sources.

Our mesotrophic lakes here in the north are typically surrounded by homes and cottages. Ideally, the property owners don’t dump fertilizers on their lawns and landscapes in excess amounts that run off into the water. And any fertilizers used should be phosphorus-free. So should any laundry or dish soaps the get discharged into septic tanks and ultimately dispersed through the soil.

Speaking of septic systems, they should be inspected regularly (a requirement here in Oneida County) to make sure they are functioning properly and not sending nutrients into ground or surface waters. Once excessive phosphorus gets into a lake, it is not readily flushed from the system. And then that lake is started on the path toward the eutrophic state. About which, more in a future column.

Where it all begins

Conventional wisdom has it that from the time any lake forms it is slowly dying. It receives nutrients that feed algae and plants that die and decompose; it steadily accumulates more nutrients until it gets choked with weeds and slowly fills in.

That’s an overly simple description of a process called eutrophication, in which lakes proceed from oligotrophic (few nutrients) to eutrophic (rich in nutrients). The reality is that most lakes here in our Northwoods started life as oligotrophic: They were formed from glaciers and were surrounded by infertile land, so nutrient inputs were severely limited.

However, not all lakes become eutrophic – or at least in some the process is exceedingly slow. Some of our area lakes remain in an oligotrophic condition. You can make a pretty good assessment on whether a lake is oligotrophic just from some simple observations.

From a distance, oligotrophic lakes appear a rich blue-green. That’s because the clear water allows blue wavelengths of light to penetrate deep. On these lakes you can see the bottom at a considerable depth – anglers often refer to them as “gin clear.”

They are tough to fish, partly because the fish can easily see their pursuers, and partly because there are not so many fish to be had. Lack of nutrients means the food chain is rather sparse. Although algae in such lakes tend to be diverse, their numbers are low. Since algae form the base of the food chain, there isn’t much nutrition to translate into fish flesh (although populations of large fish may be present).

The shorelines of oligotrophic lakes tend to be steep and rocky. The bottoms usually consist of clean rocks, gravel or sand, low in organic matter and also low in sediment-dwelling organisms. Rooted plants are scarce. You tend not to see big expanses of water lilies or deep beds of cabbage weeds, as you would on lakes more rich in nutrients.

Since plant life is limited, there is little organic matter to decompose and consume oxygen. That means these lakes can be rich in dissolved oxygen from the surface to the bottom all year long. As a result, if deep and cold enough, these lakes can support species like lake trout that depend on well oxygenated water.

Oligotrophic lakes are undeniably beautiful. For one thing, Realtor surveys show that water clarity ranks high among lake features that property buyers consider attractive. And if you are a snorkeler or scuba diver, a clear-water oligotrophic lake can be a paradise. But if fishing action is what you crave, a lake higher on the nutrient scale may be more to your liking.